Inferiority Feelings 自卑感 The shift in thinking about paranoia in terms of defense against, and compensation for, feelings of inadequacy and inferiority was anticipated by Sullivan. He regarded paranoid ideas of persecution and grandeur as complex processes which were intended to overcome or obliterate the irremediable sense of inferiority, unworthiness, and the incapacity to awaken positive attitudes in others. He describes a process in which inadequate approbation in the child's early experience produces a prevailing negative self. This negative attitude interferes with subsequent securing of interpersonal satisfactions. Feelings of personal inferiority, unworthiness, and often loneliness are at times intolerable. The conviction evolves that the individual is not capable of being fully human, and this creates an intolerable insecurity which makes it impossible to sustain any kind of adaptive effort(Sullivan,1953a). 在防御和补偿不胜任感和自卑感方面对偏执症进行的思考在发生转变，沙利文预料到了这种转变。他认为被迫害和自己伟大这些偏执想法是复杂的过程，旨在克服或消除不可补救的自卑感，无价值感，以及对唤醒他人积极态度的无力感。他描述了一个过程，在这个过程中，孩子早期经历的不胜任认可[即孩子觉得自己不胜任，大人说“对，你就是不行”]产生了一个普遍的负面自我。这种消极的态度妨碍了随后获得人际满足。个人的自卑感、无价值感和孤独感有时是无法忍受的。这种信念演变成个人无法成为完整的人，这就造成了一种无法忍受的不安全感，使得任何适应性努力都不可能持续下去(Sullivan,1953a)。 Security and satisfaction are obtained by the paranoid projection in which the inferior person is turned into a victim of persecution. The feeling of worth is protected by the paranoid transference of blame onto other individuals. Thus the paranoid's security rests on his being persecuted. The transfer of blame, however, covers an intolerable weakness, so that the paranoid's self-system must continually draw into the projective system anybody who would be critical or with whom one might be exposed to criticism. The danger flags are continually flying and relationships can be permitted only with people who do not represent danger in the sense of reminding the paranoid of what it is that really ails him(Sullivan,1956). The awareness of inferiority creates an intolerable anxiety which represents a fatal deficiency of the self-system, which is unable to disguise or exclude the underlying sense of inferiority and consequent rejection and insecurity. 安全感和满足感是通过偏执投射获得的，在这种投射中，劣等人会变成迫害的受害者。这种自我价值感是通过将责备偏执地转嫁到他人身上而得到保护的。因此，偏执者的安全依赖于他被迫害。然而，责备的转移掩盖了一个无法容忍的弱点，因此，偏执者的自我系统必须不断地将任何可能持批评态度的人或任何可能跟他一起受到批评的人纳入投射系统。危险的信号一直在飘扬，只有那些不代表危险的人才能与之建立关系，所谓危险，是指他们会提醒偏执者真正困扰他们的是什么(Sullivan,1956)。自卑感产生了一种无法忍受的焦虑，它代表了自我系统的致命缺陷，无法掩盖或排除潜在的自卑感以及随之而来的排斥和不安全感。