Role in Development 在发展中的角色 It is difficult to indicate starting points for the operation of projection and introjection, but they must begin extremely early in life. Klein has specified these processes in the first few months of life. She is undoubtedly correct in pointing to the operation of these mechanisms, but whether they operate in the manner she describes is a matter of controversy. The operation of projective and introjective mechanisms requires a certain degree of differentiation in intrapsychic structure—certainly enough to support a minimal degree of differentiation between self- and object-representations. Projection involves an attribution of parts of the self-representation to an object-representation; introjection involves a reciprocal attribution of parts of object-representations to the self-representations. At the same time projection and introjection are in part responsible for the emerging differentiation between self and object. 很难指出投射和内摄操作的起始点，但它们必须在生命的极早阶段开始。克莱因详细说明了生命最初几个月里的这些过程。她指出这些机制的运作无疑是正确的，但它们是否以她所描述的方式运作是一个有争议的问题。投射机制和内摄机制的运作需要一定程度的内心结构的分化——肯定要足以支持自我表征和客体表征之间最小程度的分化。投射包括将自我表征的部分归属于客体表征;内摄涉及到客体表征部分对自我表征的相互归因。与此同时，投射和内摄在一定程度上导致了自我与客体的分化。 At their most primitive level these processes are relatively unstructured and undifferentiated. It is impossible to know what the content of such neonatal processes might be, or what degree of awareness they might include.Freud's speculation that projection has primarily to do with the operation of the pleasure principle and that the organism responds to maintain an inner pleasurable state—the purified pleasure ego—is probably near the mark.It is difficult to know whether at this primitive level the processes involved are defensive or not. Klein insists that they are, but they may be serving the interests of differentiation and development primarily, and only subsequently are brought to the uses of defense. At this level, internalizing and externalizing processes are differentiating rather than defensive processes, and they are directed to the formation and establishment of boundaries between the inner and the outer worlds, between self and object. They are fundamental processes through which internality and externality are constituted. Once these fundamental differentiations are established, the same operations are caught up in the commerce between the internal and the external. 在它们最原始的层次上，这些过程是相对无结构和无区别的。无法知道这些新生过程的内容可能是什么，或者它们可能包括什么程度的意识。弗洛伊德的推测是，投射主要与快乐原则的运作有关，而机体的反应是维持一种内在的快乐状态，即净化的快乐自我，这一推测可能接近事实。很难知道在这个原始级别上所涉及的过程是否具有防御性。克莱因坚持认为，它们是，但它们可能主要是为分化和发展服务，并只是后来才被用于防御。在这个层面上，内化和外化的过程是分化而非防御的过程，它们的目的是形成和建立内部和外部世界、自我和客体之间的边界。它们是构成内部和外部的基本过程。一旦这些基本差别建立起来，同样的操作就会在内部和外部之间的交往中进行。 The structuring of the inner world begins from the very first. Incorporative aspects of the infant's global and undifferentiated experience precede the capacity to distinguish between self and object, but contribute a qualitative modification to the global experience. The experience is good or bad or perhaps both, and, to the degree that it is unpleasurable, leads to primary attempts at externalization which organize the emerging lines of differentiation. As these lines begin to form, introjection becomes possible and the continuing structuralization of the inner world takes place through introjective mechanisms. The quality of introjects is derivative from, and constituted by, elements derived from both the inner and outer worlds. What is introjected is qualitatively determined by the characteristics of the real object in conjunction with the elements attributed to it which derive from the inner world. The introject, as we have discussed elsewhere(Meissner, 1971b), functions after the manner of a transitional object—it represents a combination of derivatives from the inner and outer worlds which are assimilated to the inner world. 内心世界的结构从一开始就有。婴儿的整体和未分化的经验的整合方面先于区分自我和客体的能力，但有助于对整体经验的定性修正。这种体验是好是坏，或者两者兼而有之，而且，在某种程度上，这种体验是令人不快的，它会导致最初的外部化尝试，而外部化组织了正在出现的分化线。当这些线条开始形成时，内摄就成为可能，通过内摄机制，内在世界的持续结构化就发生了。内摄的性质是由内部世界和外部世界的元素派生而来，并由这些元素构成。所内摄的东西，在性质上是由真实对象的特性，连同从内部世界中引申出来的归因于它的元素所决定的。正如我们在其他地方已经讨论过的(Meissner, 1971b)，内摄以过渡对象的方式起作用——它代表了来自内部和外部世界的衍生品的组合，这些衍生品被内部世界同化了。 What is internalized through introjection is a function of an interaction between the real qualities of the object, and the qualities which are attributed to it and which derive from the subject's inner world. This attribution of qualities, drawn from the inner world and attached to objects in the outer world, is projection. The quality of introjects, then, depends in part on the qualities projected from the inner world of drives and instincts. To the extent that hostile and destructive instincts are projected on the object, the object becomes a bad, threatening object so that introjection of the object creates a bad, threatening introject. Similarly projection of good, loving impulses can help to provide good and loving introjections. The quality of the introject, however, is mitigated by the response of the object. A good and loving object can absorb significant amounts of aggressive projective affect and in a sense neutralize it, so that the introject is modified in the direction of ambivalence. Aggressive impulses thus become less threatening and the infant's capacity to tolerate rage is increased. A hostile, rejecting object, however, can intensify the destructive and threatening quality of the introject so that the internally destructive aspects of aggression are intensified. 通过内摄而内化的，是客体的真实品质与归因于客体但源自主体内心世界的品质相互作用的结果。这种对品质的归因(从内部世界拽出来，然后放到外部世界对象身上)就是投射。投射的品质，部分取决于来自内在世界的驱动力和本能的投射。当敌对和破坏性的本能投射到对象上时，对象就会变成一个坏的，具有威胁性的对象，因此对客体的内摄就会产生一个坏的，具有威胁性的内摄。同样地，对好的、爱的冲动的投射可以帮助提供好的、爱的内摄。然而，内摄的质量会因为客体的响应而降低。一个好的爱的对象可以吸收大量的攻击性投射影响，并在某种意义上中和它，因此内摄的对象被修改成矛盾的方向。因此，攻击性冲动变得不那么具有威胁性，婴儿容忍愤怒的能力也增强了。然而，敌对的、拒绝的对象可以加强内摄物的破坏性和威胁性，从而使侵略的内部破坏性方面得到加强。 The interplay of introjective and projective mechanisms weaves a pattern of relatedness to the world of objects and provides the fabric out of which the individual fashions his own self-image. Out of this interplay also develops his capacity to relate and identify with the objects in his environment. It also determines the quality of his object-relations. Projection and introjection must be seen in a developmental and differentiating perspective, which does not merely reduce them to defense mechanisms. Introjection andprojection serve important functions, particularly in the early course of development. They are intimately involved in the gradual emergence of self- and object-differentiation. They are also intimately involved in determining the quality of one's own self-image and self-perception as well as the quality of one's object-relations. Jacobson has described this aspect of these mechanisms in these terms: 内摄和投射机制的相互作用编织了一种与客体世界相关的模式，并提供了个体塑造自己的自我形象的结构。从这种相互作用中，也发展了他与环境中的物体联系和识别的能力。这也决定了他的客体关系的质量。投射和内摄必须从发展和分化的角度来看待，这不仅仅是把它们归结为防御机制。特别是在早期的发展过程中，内摄和投射起着重要的作用。它们与自我和客体分化的逐渐出现密切相关。它们还密切地参与决定一个人的自我形象和自我知觉的质量以及一个人的客体关系的质量。雅各布森用以下术语描述了这些机制的这一方面: During the preoedipal-narcissistic stage, gross primitive introjective and projective mechanisms, in conjunction with pleasure-unpleasure and perceptive experiences, participate in the constitution of self and object images and, hence, of object relations. The small child's limited capacity to distinguish between the external and internal world, which is responsible for the weakness of the boundaries between self and object images and the drastic cathectic shifts between them, promotes the continuous operation of introjective and projective processes. Thus, it is quite true that during the first years of life the child's self and object images still have more or less introjective and projective qualities(1964, pp.46-47). 在前俄狄浦斯-自恋阶段，粗糙的原始内摄和投射机制，连同愉悦-不愉悦和感知体验，参与自我和客体形象的构成，从而参与客体关系的构成。幼儿区分外部世界和内部世界的能力有限，导致了自我与客体形象之间界限的弱化和它们之间的剧烈宣泄转换，促进了内摄和投射过程的持续运作。因此，在孩子出生后的最初几年里，他们的自我和物体形象仍然或多或少地具有内摄和投射性(1964年，第46-47页)，这是相当正确的。 The developmental and defensive aspects of introjection and projection are intertwined. As development progresses, however, differentiation intrapsychically as well as between subject and object reaches a point at which further developmental progression depends on the emergence of other more highly integrated and less drive-dependent types of process. The persistence of projection and introjection beyond this point suggests that they are being employed in the service of defensive needs, rather than facilitating the interaction between subject and object which serves both to build the structure of the inner world through internalization and to qualify the experience of the outer world through projection. The persistence of introjective and projective mechanisms in the work of development extends at least through the resolution of the Oedipal situation, since introjection and projection are involved in the formation of the superego and the ego ideal. 发展和防御方面的内摄和投射是交织在一起的。然而，随着发展的进行，在内心以及主体和客体之间的分化达到了一个点，在这个点上，进一步的发展依赖于其他高度整合的、较少驱力依赖的过程类型的出现。投射和内摄的持久性超出这个点表明,它们被用于服务防御需求,而不是促进这主体和客体之间的相互作用，这相互作用既通过内化构建内心世界的结构，也通过投射定义与外部世界的体验。在发展的工作中，内摄和投射机制的持续存在，至少通过解决俄狄浦斯情结得到了扩展，因为内摄和投射参与了超我和理想自我的形成。 It is difcult to say when their developmental function ceases. They may play a role in the reworking of previous developmental crises in adolescence. But beyond that they are primarily defensive in nature. Introjective responses to loss, while they provide the matrix for adaptive change and personal growth in the course of the life cycle, are primarily defensive responses. It is perhaps most accurate to say that the balance of developmental and defensive aspects of introjection and projection shift in the course of the life cycle and that the mechanisms to that extent undergo a change in function. They are continually at work adjusting the balance of instinctual pressures between the inner and outer worlds. The process is always in some degree defensive and in some degree developmental, in that its effects involve structuralizing intrapsychic aspects. 很难说它们的发育功能何时停止。他们可能会在之前的青春期发育危机中扮演一个角色。但除此之外，它们本质上主要是防御性的。对损失的内摄反应，虽然在生命周期中为适应变化和个人成长提供了基质，但主要是防御性反应。也许最准确的说法是，在生命周期的过程中，发育和防御方面的平衡，即内摄和投射的转变，以及在这个程度上的机制，在功能上发生了变化。他们不断地调整内在和外在世界之间本能压力的平衡。这个过程在某种程度上总是防御性的，在某种程度上是发展性的，因为它的影响涉及心理内部的结构化。 It is important to realize that introjection and projection are correlative. When we come to speak of projective mechanisms in paranoid states, we must remember that we are also speaking of correlative introjects. What is projected is derived from inner introjects. Beyond the level of the most primitive primary projections by which self-object differentiation is established, projection is a process of reexternalizing what has been internalized by introjection and internally modified by the influence of drive derivatives. Thus the understanding of projection requires an understanding of the operation of introjective mechanisms which have been involvedin developmental processes. To understand what comes from the inner world, We must try to understand what composes the inner world and how it got there. 重要的是要认识到，内摄和投射是相关的。当我们谈到偏执状态下的投射机制时，我们必须记住，我们也在谈论相关的内摄。投射的东西来自于内部内摄物。在建立自我客体分化的最原始的原始投射的层次之外，投射是一个将被内摄内化了的东西再外化的过程，这些东西被驱力衍生物的影响在内部进行了修改。因此，对投射的理解需要对发展过程中所涉及的内摄机制的运作有所了解。要理解什么来自内心世界，我们必须试着理解是什么组成了内心世界，以及它是如何到达那里的。