Narcissism 自恋 The underlying issue in all this, and the one that emerged more and more clearly as therapy progressed, was his intense narcissism. He needed desperately to maintain an image of himself as a leader, as having a significant influence on the lives and thoughts of others, as becoming in some sense a special and important person. There was an omnipotent quality to these ideas; he worked to preserve a sense of his special capacities to produce dramatic and striking effects. He seemed to cling to a naive and almost simplisitic belief that his efforts would produce powerful effects and important changes in the social context around him. He cherished an inner belief that in some way he was gifted with special powers of persuasion that allowed him to influence the thoughts and feelings of people around him so that they would change their attitudes and political convictions. His repeated and constant failure to achieve his ambitious goals provided him with a constant source of bitter disappointment and resentment. His intense narcissistic investment in these ideals and ambitions was another facet of his need to preserve a sense of identity in the face of his inner fragility and fragmentation. 所有这些问题背后的根本原因，也是随着治疗进展而越来越清晰地浮现出来的问题，是他极度的自恋。他拼命想要维护自己作为领导者的形象，想要对他人的生活和思想产生重要影响，想要在某种程度上成为一个特殊而重要的人。这些想法带有一种全能的特质；他努力保持自己拥有能够产生戏剧性和惊人效果的特殊能力的感觉。他似乎执着于一种天真且几乎简化的信念，认为自己的努力会在周围的社会环境中产生强大的影响和重要的变化。他内心深处坚信，自己在某种程度上拥有特殊的说服力，能够影响周围人的思想和感受，使他们改变态度和政治信念。他一再不断地追求雄心勃勃的目标却屡屡失败，这成为他不断感到苦涩失望和怨恨的根源。他对这些理想和抱负的极度自恋投入，是他面对内心脆弱和分裂时，试图保持身份感的另一个方面。 In this light Fred's utopian and revolutionary idealism emerged as an integral part of the syndrome. There is something tragic in this. The values and ideals to which Fred dedicates himself so intensely are unfortunately embedded in a narcissistic matrix. Fred's embrace is therefore driven by intense narcissistic needs. He clings to them and promotes them in a highly narcissistic manner. When these values and ideals are in question, they are overladen with high expectations, with a peremptoriness that cannot tolerate delay or opposition without intense disappointment and rage. The pressure of narcissistic needs drives him to a reliance on violent and destructive means of finding the satisfaction and fulfillment of his wishes. The tragedy is that these means are as destructive of his own wishes and objectives as they are of the forces he sees aligned against him—and perhaps even more so. 在这种情况下，弗雷德的乌托邦式和革命式的理想主义成为这种综合征的一个组成部分。这其中带有几分悲剧色彩。弗雷德如此热烈地献身的价值观和理想，不幸地被嵌入了一个自恋的框架之中。因此，弗雷德对它们的追求是出于强烈的自恋需求。他以一种高度自恋的方式紧握着这些价值观和理想，并大力宣扬它们。当这些价值观和理想受到质疑时，它们往往被赋予过高的期望，带有一种不容拖延或反对的专横态度，一旦遭遇挫折或反对，便会引发极度的失望和愤怒。自恋需求的压力驱使他依靠暴力和破坏性的手段来寻找满足和实现自己愿望的途径。悲剧在于，这些手段对他的愿望和目标具有破坏性，对他所认为的与他对立的势力也具有破坏性——甚至可能对自己的破坏更大。