Degrees of Externalization 外化的程度 Let us focus for a moment on the notion of externalization. Externalization is a correlative of internalization. The notion of externalization can best be seen in the context of the idea of "degrees of internalization." Loewald (1962) had presented the idea in the following terms: "The concept of degrees of internalization is advanced. This implies shifting distances of internalized material from the ego core and shifting distances within the ego-superego system, as well as transformations in the character of the introjects according to the respective degrees of internalization"(p. 503). Thinking of specific introjects in terms of degrees of internalization, then, we can regard the superego introjects as elements which may, under certain circumstances, be further internalized into the ego core, or in the opposite direction, may be externalized in the direction of object-representations. 让我们集中讨论一下外化的概念。外化是内化的一个相关概念。外化的概念最好是在 "内化程度 "的概念中来看待。Loewald(1962)曾用以下语言提出这一概念。"提出了内化程度的概念。这意味着内化的材料与自我核心的距离转移和自我-超我系统内部的距离转移，以及根据各自的内化程度，内摄物的特性发生转变"(p.503)。那么，从内化程度的角度来思考具体的内摄物，我们可以把超我内摄物看成是在一定情况下可能进一步内化为自我核心的元素，或者反过来说，可能在客体表征的方向上外化。 Thus at the highest degree of internalization, a well-established identification is capable of resisting regressive pulls toward the introject type of inner experience, and lies closest to the intentionally realized core of the ego. Where a greater degree of externalization exists, there may be a relative increase of passivity in the subjective experience of the introject. Thus Schafer has observed: 因此，在最高程度的内化时，一个完善的认同能够抵制向内摄型的内在经验的退行性拉扯，并且最接近于有意实现的自我核心。在外化程度较高的地方，内摄物主观体验的被动性可能会相对增加。因此，舍费尔曾观察到： ... It must always be borne in mind that internalization is a matter of degree; the degree to which external regulations have been taken over by the subject and stamped with his self-representations; the degree of influence exerted by the internalizations; and the degree of stability in the internalizations, that is, their resistiveness to being regressively abandoned and restored to the environment or lost altogether in systemic de-differentiations that involve primitive mergings of self and object representations (1968a, pp. 14-15). …必须始终牢记，内化是一个程度问题；外部规定被主体接管并打上自体表征印记的程度；内化的影响程度；以及内化的稳定程度，即内化对 被逐步抛弃和恢复到环境 或 在涉及自体表征和客体表征的原始合并的系统性去差异化中完全丧失 的抵抗力(1968a，第14-15页)。 Consequently, if there are degrees of internalization, there are, correlatively, degrees of externalization. As I have written elsewhere: 因此，如果有内化的程度，那么相应地也有外化的程度。正如我在其他地方所写的那样： Rather than use the concept of externalization as a modification of projection, it seems more exact to formulate it as the reverse of internalization. Thus externalization would refer to a process of transformation by which elements of the structure of the personality that function in more immediate relation to the core of the ego become less immediately related to the ego core, and are modified in the direction of independently functioning personality structures or, with increasing degrees of externalization in the direction of object-representations. Thus projections can be regarded as a special case of externalization in which externalized elements are transformed into object-representations and so perceived (1971b, p. 280). 与其将外化的概念作为投射的修改，不如将其表述为内化的反面，似乎更为确切。因此，外化将指的是一种转化过程，通过这种转化过程，人格结构中与自我核心有较直接关系的元素变得与自我核心的关系不那么直接了，并向独立运作的人格结构的方向修改，或者随着外化程度的增加向客体表征的方向修改。因此，投射可以被视为外化的一种特殊情况，在这种情况下，外化的元素被转化为客体表征，所以被感知（1971b，第280页）。