Projection and Introjection 投射和内摄 If the correlative of internalization is externalization, then it seems reasonable to consider the correlative of introjection to be projection. Projection, therefore, comes to refer to a process in which attributes which are derived from the inner world of the subject are attributed to and attached to real objects (object-representations), so that the object, as perceived and experienced, comes to be constituted of qualities which are derived from both the environment and the inner modification of the subject's self. Thus the object-representation as modified by projection has the quality of a transitional object representation. 如果内化的相关因素是外化，那么似乎有理由认为内摄的相关因素是投射。因此，投射指的是一个过程，在这个过程中，来自主体内心世界的属性被归结为真实的客体（客体表征），并附着在客体上，从而使被感知和体验的客体由来自环境和主体自体内在修改的品质构成。因此，经过投射修改的客体表征具有过渡性客体表征的特质。 It is important to realize that the interplay of projection and introjection has important implications for the development of object-relations as well as for the organization of inner psychic structure. At the most archaic and primitive levels, the ego attempts to purify itself of unpleasant or painful elements, as Freud suggested (1915), by projecting the almost purely oral-sadistic elements to the exterior, thus leaving the purified pleasure ego intact. The subsequent history of introjective and projective processes makes the developmental sequence more complex. Internal structure becomes gradually organized around successive introjective modifications so that there is an increasing capacity to bind, neutralize, or even tolerate in terms of utilization of aggressive impulses in signal discharges. Correlative to this internal development, the quality of projection becomes modified in the direction of more muted and balanced ambivalence. 重要的是要认识到，投射和内摄的相互作用对客体关系的发展以及内在心理结构的组织有重要的影响。在最古老和原始的层次上，自我试图净化自己的不愉快或痛苦的元素，正如弗洛伊德所建议的那样(1915)，通过将几乎是纯粹的口欲-虐待元素投射到外部，从而使净化后的快乐自我保持完整。随后的内摄和投射过程的历史使发展序列更加复杂。内部结构围绕着连续的内摄性修改逐渐变得有组织起来，从而在利用信号放电[嗯？信号放电啥意思？]的攻击冲动方面，有越来越强的束缚、中和、甚至容忍的能力。与这一内部发展相关的是，投射的质量会朝着更加柔和和平衡的矛盾性方向修改。 Destructive projective elements become modified as constituents of transitional objects in proportion to the apparent qualities of the object itself. Thus sadistic projections can be modified by an adequate maternal object in the direction of ambivalence. The subsequent introject, therefore, is less malevolent and its corresponding projection less destructive and/or hostile. The modifications in the interactions of introjection and projection along with the increasing capacity for binding and channeling of destructive aggressive energies leads to a gradual increase and stabilization of inner structure along with a more mature capacity for object-relationships. Projection, therefore, as derived from and correlative to internal introjects, can serve important defensive functions in the economy and mastery of instinctual drives. While they remain essentially defensive functions, they can become less susceptible to instinctual influences with the gradual emergence of structure and its increasing strengthening. Thus both introjection and projection are modified in more realistic directions during a relatively normal course of ego development. 破坏性投射元素作为过渡性客体的构成元素，按照客体本身的表征特质成比例地被修改。因此，虐待投射可以被一个适当的母体客体在矛盾的方向上修改。因此，随后的内摄物的恶性程度较低，其相应的投射的破坏性和/或敌意程度也较低。内摄和投射相互作用的改变，以及破坏性攻击性能量的约束和引导能力的提高，导致了内在结构的逐渐增加和稳定，以及客体关系的能力更加成熟。因此，投射，作为源于内部内摄物并与内部内摄物相关联的投射，在本能驱力的经济和掌握方面可以起到重要的防御功能。虽然它们在本质上仍然是防御功能，但随着结构的逐渐出现及其日益加强，它们可以变得不那么容易受到本能的影响。因此，在自我发展的一个相对正常的过程中，内摄和投射都会向更现实的方向修改。 The vital interplay of introjection and projection was grasped and articulated in a succinct fashion by Anna Freud in her discussion of "identification with the aggressor"(1936). The latter can be regarded as a special case of the interaction of introjection and projection. As Ms. Freud observes, when the external criticism has not been introjected, the threat of the punishment and the offense have not yet been connected in the patient's mind, so that, as soon as the criticism is internalized, the offense is externalized. Thus the introjection of aggression is supplemented by the projection of guilt. The ego is then able to project prohibited impulses to the outside. It learns to blame as a means of protecting itself from unpleasant self-criticism. Indignation thus increases automatically when one's own guilt begins to be felt. This form of introjection is a stage in superego development and forms a preliminary phase of morality. As Ms. Freud observes, true morality begins when the internalized criticism which is embodied in the superego standard coincides with the ego's perception of its own fault. The severity of the superego is turned inward rather than outward and the ego has to endure the unpleasure of self-criticism and guilt. Consequently, "identification with the aggressor" represents a preliminary phase of superego development on one hand, and an intermediate stage in the development of paranoia on the other. It looks in two directions, then, one as a result of its introjective elements, and the other as a result of its projective reaction. 安娜弗洛伊德在其关于 "对攻击者的认同 "的讨论中，简明扼要地把握和阐述了内摄和投射之间的重要互动关系(1936年)。后者可以被视为内摄与投射相互作用的一个特例。正如弗洛伊德女士所观察到的，当外在的批评还没有被内摄时，惩罚的威胁和过错还没有在患者的头脑中联系起来，因此，一旦批评被内化，过错就会被外化。这样，攻击性的内摄就被罪恶感的投射所补充[前面这两句里的“批评”、“惩罚的威胁”、“攻击性”是同一种东西]。自我就能把被禁止的冲动投射到外在。它学会了责备，作为保护自己不受不愉快的自我批评的手段。因此，当一个体开始感受到自己的罪恶感时，愤慨就会自动增加。这种形式的内摄是超我发展的一个阶段，形成了道德的一个初步阶段。正如弗洛伊德女士所观察到的那样，当体现在超我标准中的内化批评与自我对自身过错的认知相吻合时，真正的道德就开始了。超我的严厉性被转为向内而非向外，自我不得不忍受自己的批评和内疚的不快。因此，"对攻击者的认同 "一方面是超我发展的初级阶段，另一方面也是偏执症发展的中间阶段。那么，它从两个方向看，一个是其内摄性元素的结果，另一个是其投射性反应的结果。