Shaming 羞辱 Although shame may arise in the course of development as a basic inner regulator of libido, its function is primarily a reflection of injured narcissism. The susceptibility to shame is undoubtedly influenced by the tendency of parents to utilize it in the socialization of the child. Such shaming from the parents can again serve as a narcissistic trauma. The traumatic effects of parental shaming obviously are mitigated by a larger context of parent-child interaction and the extent to which parental shaming reflects a basically positive affection for the child. 虽然羞耻作为一种基本的内在的力比多的调节者，可能在发展的过程中出现，但它的功能主要是一种受伤的自恋的反映。羞耻感无疑是受到父母在孩子社会化过程中利用羞耻感的倾向的影响。这种来自父母的羞辱可能再次成为一种自恋的创伤。父母羞耻感的创伤效应明显地被更大范围的亲子互动以及父母羞耻感反映出的对孩子的基本积极情感所减轻。 The infantile response to parental shaming is usually in the direction of inhibition or repression. It is on this basis that some of the basic repressions which are reflected in adulthood become established. Thus the influence of parental shaming on the development of character and the subsequent history of the child's capacity to reach out and express are sometimes profound. Lichtenstein has in fact related the impact of parental shaming to the acquisition of the child's identity (1961). Quite frequently in patients with paranoid propensities there is a certain distance from others around them as a means of self-protection and as a way of avoiding the intense shame they experience under conditions of self-exposure. In many such patients, any attention from others is experienced as shameful. Even when the response of others is one of admiration or praise, these patients react with feelings of shame. 婴儿对父母羞辱的反应通常是抑制或压抑。正是在这个基础上，一些反映在成年期的基本压抑被确立了。因此，父母羞辱对孩子性格的发展以及后来孩子的表达能力的影响有时是深远的。事实上，利希滕斯坦将父母羞辱与孩子身份的获得联系起来(1961年)。在偏执倾向的患者中，他们经常与周围的人保持一定的距离，这是一种自我保护的手段，也是一种避免他们在自我暴露条件下所经历的强烈羞耻感的方法。在许多这样的病人身上，别人的任何关注都是可耻的。即使别人的反应是赞赏或赞美，这些病人也会有羞耻感。 Such individuals are often acutely attuned to the potentialities of criticism from others. Frequently when such critical attitudes are not forthcoming as expected, they then become guarded and suspicious, with the presumption that even more dreadful criticism is being kept concealed. Such patients tend to become very guarded and often secretive. The same sorts of reaction, when generated at a slightly greater degree of intensity of shame can easily issue into frank paranoid symptoms of ideas of reference, or a feeling that one's mind is being read, etc. 这样的人往往能敏锐地察觉到别人的批评。通常情况下，当这样的批评态度没有如预期的那样出现时，他们就会变得警惕和怀疑，以为隐藏着更可怕的批评。这样的病人往往会变得非常谨慎，而且常常遮遮掩掩。同样的反应，当产生轻微的更强烈的羞耻感时，很容易产生明确的偏执症状，如牵连观念，或感觉自己的思想正在被解读，等等。 The motif of shame and its connection with these attitudes are brought sharply to mind by my experience with another patient not reported in the cases. This was a young woman of about 30 who came to analysis for a rather severe depression, which involved a severe impairment of self-esteem. Her chronic and recurrent expectation was that she would be criticized for whatever she did. These feelings could easily be traced to her hypercritical mother, in whose eyes this girl could do nothing right and could do nothing to demonstrate any worthwhileness. These expectations were transposed to the transference and expressed themselves in her conviction that I would be critical of her, that I would tell her she was a worthless patient who did not deserve to be analyzed. Her conviction was that I was sitting, waiting and watching her, letting the analytic material build up so I could then turn on her and show her how worthless and evil she was. She even felt at times that I was reading the perverse and degenerate thoughts that came into her mind and that I could only feel contempt and disgust at what I must be seeing in her. The whole of this material was underlaid quite extensively and intensively with shameful feelings. 羞耻的主题和它与这些态度的联系是由我与另一个没有被报道的病人的经历引起的。这是一位30岁左右的年轻女性，她来分析一种相当严重的抑郁症，这种抑郁症会严重损害自尊。她长期反复的期望是无论她做什么都会受到批评。这种感觉可以很容易地追溯到她那吹毛求疵的母亲身上，在她母亲的眼里，这个姑娘做什么事也做不好，也没有表现出任何价值。这些期望被转换为移情，并在她确信我将会批评她时表达出来，我将告诉她，她是一个没有价值的病人，不值得分析。她确信我正坐着，等着，看着她，让分析材料积累起来，这样我就可以转向她，向她展示她是多么的没有价值和邪恶。有时，她甚至觉得我读到的是她脑子里那些任性堕落的念头，我只能对她身上的某些东西感到轻蔑和厌恶。这份材料的全部内容是相当广泛和强烈地带有羞耻感的。