Good-Enough Mothering 足够好的养育 Referring to "good-enough mothering" Winnicott has observed that mothers who are able to provide such good-enough care can be supported and sustained in their efforts to do so, but that those mothers who do not have it in them to provide such care cannot be extrinsically provided with it. In a sense, then, the mother's capacity to hold and to intuitively respond tothe infant's initiatives is not a matter of training or instruction, but is a matter of intuitive responsiveness. As Winnicott observes: 提到“足够好的母亲”，温尼科特观察到，能够提供足够好的照料的母亲能够被支持，并被维持着如此努力，但那些不拥有提供这种照顾能力的母亲，也不能从外界支援给她。从某种意义上说，母亲掌握和直觉地回应婴儿的主动性的能力不是一个训练或指导的问题，而是一个直觉反应的问题。如威尼康特所观察到的: Holding includes especially the physical holding of the infant, which is a form of loving. It is perhaps the only way in which a mother can show the infant her love. There are those who can hold an infant and those who cannot; the latter quickly produce in the infant a sense of insecurity, and distressed crying. All this leads right up to, includes, and co-exists with the establishment of the infant's first object relationships and his first experiences of instinctual gratification (1965, p.49) 抱持尤其包括对婴儿的身体抱持，这是爱的一种形式。这也许是母亲向婴儿表达爱的唯一方式。有些人能抱持婴儿，有些人不能;后者很快在婴儿身上产生不安全感和痛苦的哭泣。所有这些直接导致，包括，并与婴儿的第一客体关系的建立和本能满足的第一次体验共存(1965,p.49) It is within this close-bound matrix of mother-child responsiveness that the essential negotiations take place around which the developmental experiences cluster. When the infant is responded to and is the recipient of adequate maternal care, it begins to build up an inner experience of self and a personal existence which serves as the basis for the gradual emergence of the infant ego. If such maternal care is not adequate, then the coming to existence is correlatively impaired. Instead the personality is organized on the basis of reactions to disruptions in the continuity of care or holding, which Winnicott refers to as environmental impingements. As in other human affairs, when things go smoothly and needs are being responded to and tensions and levels of stimulation adequately encompassed and buffered, the process tends to work itself out without drawing much attention or concern. But when things do not go well, the infant becomes aware of a discontinuity in his experience of care, and is forced to react to an impinging stimulus which escapes the inherent integrative capacities of his own emerging resources, conjoined to and abetted by the protective resourcefulness of the mother. 正是在这种母子反应紧密绑定的环境中，发展性经验聚集的关键谈判发生了。当婴儿被响应，且得到足够的母性照料，婴儿就开始建立自体的内在体验和个人存在，这是婴儿自我逐渐出现的基础。如果这种母性照料不充分，那么生存就会受到相应的损害。相反，人格是建立在对照料或抱持过程中中断的反应基础上的，温尼科特将其称为环境冲击。就像在其他人类事务中一样，当事情进展顺利，需要得到回应，紧张和刺激水平被充分环绕和缓冲时，这个过程往往在没有引起太多注意或关注的情况下自行完成。但当事情不顺利的时候,婴儿就知道他照料经历中的不连续,他将被迫应对冲击刺激，这些刺激逃脱婴儿自己新兴资源固有的综合能力,结合到保护性的母亲的丰富资源，并被其助长。 The conditions of the maintenance of continuity and adequacy of maternal care provide the matrix for essential internalizations that begin to take place and play a significant role in the shaping of the infant's internal environment. These earliest internalized assimilations have been variously described in terms of "basic trust" by Erikson, or of "confident expectation" by Benedek. When the conditions which underlie such a developmental matrix are disrupted, the resulting pattern of internalizations is similarly affected. At the earliest level of experience they raise the specter of annihilation anxiety, and, at somewhat later stages, separation anxiety and its variants. 维持母性照料的连续性和充足性的条件为基本内化提供了环境，这种内化开始发生，并在婴儿内部环境的塑造中发挥重要作用。这些最早的内化的吸收在埃里克森的“基本信任”和Benedek的“自信期望”中有不同的描述。当构成这种发展环境的条件被破坏时，所产生的内化模式也受到同样的影响。在经历的最初阶段，它们会引发“毁灭焦虑”的幽灵，在稍晚的阶段，会引发“分离焦虑”及其变体。 The question we must focus on at this juncture of our investigation has to do specifically with those factors which impair and interfere with the parental capacity to maintain the developmental matrix and to respond in phase-appropriate fashion to the emerging individuality of the infant and the developing child. We will consider these disruptive factors under the dual headings of parental narcissism and parental destructiveness. 在我们调查的这一关键时刻，我们必须关注的问题是，这些因素会损害和干扰父母维持发展环境的能力，以及以适合当时阶段的方式对婴儿和发展中的孩子出现的个体性做出反应的能力。我们将在父母自恋和父母的破坏性两个标题下考虑这些破坏性因素。