Congenital Activity Patterns 先天性活动模式 Thus over a score of years ago, Fries and Woolf(1953) studied the patterns of activity in neonatal infants and described a series of "congenital activity types" ranging from extremely active to relatively quiet patterns. These congenital patterns were based on the observations of the amount, tempo, rhythm, and intensity of bodily movements observed in the first months of life, which seem to become organized into unique and stable patterns of activity. These congenital patterns of activity provide the basis of the child's contribution to the interaction with the parent and contribute to influencing parental attitudes and modes of responding within the interaction. Thus a relatively hyperactive infant can create considerable anxiety in a compulsive, controlled, and controlling mother for whom such behavior becomes relatively destructive. These patterns can also be involved in the infant's experience of reality and his capacity to master reality. Thus the excessively hypoactive child with an obsessive mother may find his needs closely attended to and even anticipated. As Fries and Woolf point out, these innate activity patterns may also have an influence on the development of defenses and in shaping the forms of later psychopathology. Thus a very quiet activity type may be associated in later development with a higher degree of withdrawal and the development of schizoid traits. 因此，在二十多年前，Fries和Woolf(1953)研究了新生婴儿的活动模式，并描述了一系列“先天性活动类型”，从极度活跃到相对安静的模式。这些先天性的模式是基于对生命最初几个月观察到的身体运动的数量、速度、节奏和强度的观察，这些运动似乎形成了独特而稳定的活动模式。这些先天的活动模式为儿童对与父母互动的贡献提供了基础，并有助于影响父母在互动中的态度和反应模式。因此，一个相对亢奋的婴儿可以在一个行为强迫的、受控制的、控制型的母亲身上造成相当大的焦虑，对母亲来说，这种行为会变得相对有破坏性。这些模式也涉及到婴儿对现实的体验和他掌握现实的能力。因此，过度活跃的孩子和思维强迫的母亲可能会发现他的需求被密切关注，甚至被预期。正如Fries和Woolf所指出的，这些天生的活动模式也可能对防御的发展和形成后来的精神病理学的形式有影响。因此，一个非常安静的活动类型可能在后期发展中与较高程度的退缩和分裂样特征的发展有关。 Along similar lines, Mittelmann (1954) described unique patterns of the expression of motility which seemed to be related to other functions in the growing child, particularly mastery and testing of the environment, impulse control, emotional expression, and the sense of self-evaluation. Here too the inappropriate coordination of parental responses to the child's motoric activity can serve as the basis for the formation of psychopathology. Thus sustained restrictions of motility, particularly when the urge to motoric activity is at its highest during the second year, can result in anxiety reactions and compensatory hyperactivity. 类似地，Mittelmann(1954)描述了运动表达的独特模式，这似乎与成长中的孩子的其他功能有关，特别是对环境的掌握和测试、冲动控制、情绪表达和自我评估感。在这一点上，父母对孩子运动活动的不恰当的反应协调可能成为精神病理学形成的基础。因此，持续的运动受限，尤其是在第二年运动冲动达到高峰时，会导致焦虑反应和代偿性亢奋。 Similarly, patterns of sensitivity, motility, and drive-endowment observed in the first years of life have been examined in relationship to the development of psychopathology by Chess and her co-workers(1963,1967). They have described temperamental styles which are defined as inborn behavioral patterns which can be identified early in life and persist through childhood, and involve such parameters as activity level, mood, rhythmicity, approach, withdrawal, adaptability, intensity of reaction, and sensory threshold. They describe symptom patterns which can be classified as either "active" or "passive." The premorbid temperamental style of children with active symptoms can be contrasted with those presenting passive symptoms. Thus from even the third month of life, children with active symptomatic styles show a significantly higher degree of irregularity, nonadaptability, intensity of reaction, and negative mood. 类似地，Chess和她的同事(1963年，1967年)研究了在生命的最初几年观察到的敏感性、能动性和驾车禀赋的模式与精神病理学的发展之间的关系。他们将气质类型定义为一种天生的行为模式，这种行为模式在生命早期就能被识别出来，并持续到儿童时期，包括活动水平、情绪、节奏、接近、退缩、适应、反应强度和感觉阈值等参数。它们描述了可分为“主动”或“被动”的症状模式。具有主动症状的儿童在发病前的喜怒无常与表现出被动症状的儿童形成对照。因此，从生命的第三个月开始，症状类型活跃的儿童表现出明显的更高程度的不规则性、不适应性、反应强度和负面情绪。 Another approach which has been taken to the question of innate levels of responsiveness has been to focus on variations in sensitivity to stimulations. In this regard, Bergman and Escalona (1949) reported on a sample of five children who demonstrated atypical sensitivities to a variety of stimuli in the first year of life and who subsequently developed psychotic manifestations. They found atypical reactions to vary quantitatively in terms of stimulus intensity or also in terms of stimulus quality. Referring to Freud's concept of the stimulus barrier, they conceptualize the atypical patterns of reaction in terms of these children having been born with an excessively thin stimulus barrier (hyperexcitable) or an excessively thick stimulus barrier(hypoexcitable). 另一种研究先天反应水平的方法是关注刺激敏感度的不同。在这方面，Bergman和Escalona(1949)报告了5名儿童的样本，他们在出生后第一年对各种刺激表现出非典型敏感性，随后出现精神病表现。他们发现非典型反应在刺激强度或刺激质量方面存在数量上的差异。参照弗洛伊德关于刺激屏障的概念，他们将非典型的反应模式概念化，即这些孩子出生时就有过薄的刺激屏障(易兴奋)或过厚的刺激屏障(难兴奋)。 In either case, without an appropriately modulated and adapted response on the part of caretakers in suitably modifying the stimulus environment, this would result in the development of premature ego-functions to enable the child to manage his inborn incoordination with the available stimulus. Such premature ego-functions and defenses are relatively fragile and easily disintegrate under the pressure of more complex stimulus configurations and stresses which emerge in later development. The result is a psychotic disintegration of ego-functioning. Along a similar vein, Brazelton (1962) applied the concept of stimulus barrier to account for the variability in the capacity of infants to defend against and minimize excessive stimulation. 在这两种情况下，如果照顾者没有适当调整的和适应的反应以相配地修改刺激环境的，这将导致早产的自我功能的发展，以使孩子能够处理他与可用刺激的先天不协调。这种早产的自我功能和防御是相对脆弱的，在后期发展中出现的更复杂的刺激结构和压力的压力下很容易瓦解。其结果是自我功能的精神病性瓦解。沿着类似的思路，Brazelton(1962)应用刺激屏障的概念来解释婴儿抵御和最小化过度刺激的不同能力。 To these considerations there can be added the earlier formulations of Greenacre (1952) on predispositions to anxiety. The irritability, which she associated with the tendency to an anxiety response, can be specified in terms of the innate parameters we have been discussing. Greenacre also suggests, however, that where there is such an increase in early anxiety, there is also an increase in narcissism. We can infer, then, that a disproportion or imbalance between the stimulus characteristics and response pattern of the caretaking environment on the one hand, and the innate capacities to regulate and integrate stimulus reception and responsiveness within the infant on the other, play a significant role in the emergence and handling of anxiety and in the developmental vicissitudes of narcissism. 除了这些考虑之外，还可以加上Greenacre(1952)关于焦虑倾向的早期提法。她将易怒与焦虑反应的倾向联系在一起，可以用我们讨论过的先天参数来描述。然而，Greenacre也指出，在早期焦虑增加的地方，自恋也会增加。我们可以推断,刺激特征和照料环境反应模式之间的不相称或不平衡，以及婴儿内部调节和整合刺激接收和响应性的先天能力，在焦虑的出现与处理，在自恋发展变迁中，发挥着重要的作用。