Role of Paranoid Process 偏执过程的作用 It should be immediately apparent that the emphases of libidinal and aggressive involvements which take shape within the Oedipal triangle reflect the vicissitudes of earlier processes of introjection and projection that have taken shape in the child's earlier experiences with the parents. I would like to carry the argument a step further to say that the processes of interlocking introjection and projection make a significant contribution to the setting up of, and organization of, the Oedipal situation. I would also like to make the point that the operation of the paranoid process through the mechanisms of projection and introjection makes a significant contribution to the individuation and differentiation which characterize the child's Oedipal involvement, specifically as a developmental achievement. 很明显，在俄狄浦斯三角中形成的力比多和攻击关系的重点反映了在孩子与父母的早期经历中形成的内摄和投射的早期过程的变迁。我想进一步论证这一论点，即把内摄和投射互锁的过程，对建立和组织俄狄浦斯情况做出了重大贡献。我还想指出的是通过投射和内摄机，偏执过程的运作对个体化和分化做出了重要的贡献，这是儿童俄狄浦斯关系的特征，特别是作为一种发展成就。 If we start with the assumption that the child's relationship to both parents are characterized by ambivalence of some degree—and, as we have noted, the degree of ambivalence is correlated with the emergent pathogenicity of such relationships—we can recognize that one of the developmental problems that the child faces in his experience with these significant objects is specifically the management of such ambivalence. At the most pathogenic levels of the intensity of ambivalence, the child resorts to rudimentary mechanisms of splitting and projection which have been characterized in various ways(Klein,1932,1964; Kernberg,1966,1967). Thus the intensity of the ambivalence and the intolerance for it require the mechanisms of introjection and projection to be relatively isolated and attempts to rid the psyche of destructive hostility become more global and inclusive. 如果我们可以先假定孩子与父母的关系具有某种程度上的矛盾——正如我们已经指出的,矛盾的程度与这种关系的紧急致病性相关——我们可以认识到,孩子在与这些重要客体的经验中，面临的发展问题之一，就是管理这样的矛盾心理。在最具致病力的矛盾心理强度水平上，儿童诉诸于分裂和投射的基本机制，这些机制以各种方式表现出来(克莱因，1932年，1964年;Kernberg、1966、1967)。因此，矛盾心理的强度和对它的不容忍要求相对孤立的内摄和投射机制，努力消除破坏性敌意的心理变得更加具有全局性和包容性。 However, at less pathogenic levels of ambivalence, the operations of introjection and projection are less driven by the intensity of defensive needs and the quality of the underlying anxiety is less destructive and total. Consequently, the tolerance for greater degrees of ambivalence is correspondingly increased. It is increasingly possible, therefore, for the infant's psyche to resolve the difficulties in the management of ambivalence by resorting to mechanisms of repressive defense rather than the more primitive and pathogenic defenses of splitting. Correspondingly the use of projection is more modified and the resulting relationship with the object of projection is less distorted and essentially less paranoid. Thus both the integrity of the emerging self and the stability of the relationships with significant objects can be correspondingly preserved. 然而，在较低致病水平的矛盾心理中，内摄和投射的运作较少受到防御需求强度的驱动，潜在焦虑的质量也较少具有破坏性和全面性。因此，对更大程度的矛盾心理的容忍也相应增加。因此，婴儿的心理越来越有可能通过使用压抑防御机制来解决矛盾心理管理中的困难，而不是使用更为原始和致病的分裂防御机制。相应地，投射的使用也得到了更多的修改，与投射客体的关系也得到了更少的扭曲，本质上也不再那么偏执。因此，出现的自我的完整性和与重要客体的关系的稳定性可以相应地得到保留。 We can also note at this juncture that at less pathogenic levels of ambivalence—and, therefore, at these pathogenic levels of unneutralized aggression—levels of anxiety are less toxic and overwhelming. The ego, in consequence, is in a much more effective position to integrate the anxiety as a signal function in the service of promoting developmental objectives(Zetzel.1970). The emergent capacity of the child's ego to tolerate anxiety is correspondingly reinforced and basic ego strengths are enlarged and supported. This is particularly relevant at this level of development to the toleration of separation anxiety, since this capacity is an important achievement which allows for the setting up and involvement in Oedipal relationships. Both separation and castration anxiety become more relevant in the resolution of Oedipal attachments. 在这个关键时刻，我们还可以注意到，在低致病性的矛盾心理水平上——因此，在这些未中和的攻击的致病性水平上——焦虑的毒性和压倒一切的程度较低。因此，自我处于一个更有效的位置，将焦虑整合为促进发展目标的信号功能(Zetzel.1970)。孩子的自我对焦虑的反应能力也相应地得到加强，基本的自我力量也得到扩大和支持。这在这个发展阶段与分离焦虑的承受力特别相关，因为这种能力是一个重要的成就，允许建立和参与俄狄浦斯关系。分离和阉割焦虑在解决俄狄浦斯依恋中变得更加相关。 In broad perspective, then, the management of such ambivalence, at whatever level of intensity it is involved, is a basic aspect of the vicissitudes of instinctual involvement and emerging object relationships. The necessity of resolving ambivalence on both sides of the parental involvement requires that mechanisms of projection and introjection be brought into play. The suggestion we are making here is that the operation of these respective mechanisms in dealing with the vicissitudes of ambivalence leads the child's gradually individuating psyche inexorably in the direction of an evolving Oedipal involvement. As the child projects and introjects in the context of an ongoing interaction and relatedness with both parents, there evolves that configuration of loving attachments and fears of punitive rejection which we have come to characterize as the Oedipal involvement. 因此，从广义的角度来看，对这种矛盾心理的管理，无论其强度如何，都是本能参与和新兴客体关系变迁的一个基本方面。要解决父母关系两方的矛盾心理，就必须发挥投射和内摄机制的作用。我们在这里提出的建议是，在处理矛盾心理的变迁过程中，这些各自的机制的运作，导致孩子逐渐个性化的心理，无情地朝着演化中的俄狄浦斯关系的方向发展。当孩子在不断互动和与父母有联系的背景下进行投射和内摄时，就会形成爱的依恋和对惩罚性拒绝的恐惧，我们将其称为俄狄浦斯关系。 Again we must emphasize the complexity and integrity of these relationships. If, for the sake of analysis and understanding, we can at times isolate aspects of the Oedipal involvement—as, for example, the problem of castration anxiety—we must continually remind ourselves that such partial aspects of the total configuration take place within a broader and more complex developmental situation. If the dynamics underlying castration anxiety can be related to the projection of aggressive and destructive impulses to the father figure, they must be complemented both by the correlative introjection of aggressive components, as a part of the identification with the aggressor, as well as the loving and positively constructive aspects of the relationship with the father, which contribute to more positive identifications that relate to the developing sense of mastery and competence in both sexes. 我们必须再次强调这些关系的复杂性和完整性。如果为了分析和理解，我们有时可以把俄狄浦斯关系的某些方面孤立起来——例如，阉割焦虑的问题——我们就必须不断地提醒自己，整体结构的这些部分是在一个更广泛、更复杂的发展状况中发生的。如果阉割焦虑下的动力学可以被关联到对父亲形象的攻击和破坏性冲动的投射，他们都必须补充上对攻击成分的相关内摄(作为对攻击者认同的一部分)，以及与父亲关系中爱和积极建设性的方面，这有助于形成更积极的认同，这种认同与两性发展中的掌控感和能力有关。 In the course of normal and healthy psychic development, the intertwining and balancing of the projections and introjections, which play themselves out within the Oedipal situation, tend to resolve the more intensely ambivalent components of the relationships to both parents and allow the child to achieve a new level in the management of object-relationships, which not only tolerates but is enriched by the triadic involvement, as opposed to the relatively restricted and exclusive involvement with single objects as characterized by earlier developmental attainments. 在正常和健康的心理发展过程中,投射和内摄的缠绕和平衡(它们在俄狄浦斯关系中表现),更倾向于解决与父母双方关系中强烈矛盾的成分，可以让孩子在管理客体关系中达到一个新的水平，这种新的水平不仅可以容忍三元关系，而且可以被三元关系所丰富，而不是像早期发展成就所表现的那样，对单一客体的相对局限和排他性的关系。 The developmental failure to achieve this level of complex object involvement is reflected in common experience with borderline or more primitive patients, in whom the capacity to resolve ambivalence is significantly less, and who find it necessary to vacillate back and forth between relatively segregated and isolated object contexts in which the ambivalence is sustained and resolution of it becomes less possible. We can recall the situation with Gloria, for example, in which the alternation in her feeling states in regard to her mother and father followed this extreme pattern. She would alternately totally attached to and dependent on her mother at one point in time, feeling that her mother was the only one who really loved her and cared about her, and totally rejecting and hating her father, seeing him as the destructive persecutor in the most extreme and dire terms. Yet at another time, the situation would be diametrically reversed so that her father was seen as the only loving and saving figure in her environment and her mother correspondingly seen in terms of the direct destructiveness and hatefulness. The vacillation between these polar positions characterized her course of treatment over the course of years and showed little or no sign of modification or abatement. One could say that Gloria vacillated between extremely polar variants of both positive and negative Oedipal configurations, and that her inability to resolve any of this ambivalence was contributed to not only by her own internal developmental deficits, but by the ongoing pattern of destructive interaction that obtained within the Oedipal configuration. 复杂客体关系发展未能达到这一水平，反映在与边缘或更原始的病人的共同经验中，这些病人解决矛盾心理的能力明显缺乏，他们发现有必要在相对隔离和孤立的客体环境之间来回摇摆，在这种环境中矛盾心理被维持，对其解决的可能性变低。例如，我们可以回忆一下格洛里亚的情况，她对母亲和父亲的感情状态的交替就遵循了这种极端的模式。她会在一个时间点上完全依恋并依赖于她的母亲，感觉她的母亲是唯一一个真正爱她，在乎她的人，并完全拒绝和恨她的父亲，用最极端和可怕的术语把他刻画为一个破坏性的迫害者。然而在另一个时候，情况就完全相反了，她的父亲被视为她环境中唯一的爱和拯救者，而她的母亲相应地被视为直接的破坏者和仇恨者。这些两极位置之间的摇摆是她多年来治疗过程的特点，几乎没有或根本没有改变或减弱的迹象。可以说，格洛丽亚在正负两个俄狄浦斯格局极端极性变体间摇摆不定，她无力解决这些矛盾，不仅是因为她自己内部的发展缺陷，而且是因为正在进行的破坏性互动的模式(在俄狄浦斯格局内所获得的)。