The Need for Enemies 对敌人的需求 Interestingly enough, shrewd leaders know this and make use of it. Much of Stalin's ruthless modernization of the Russian economy was made possible by the generation of paranoid fears of attack and violation by the Western powers. The fact that there were historical precedents for such fears served only to validate and intensify the paranoid delusional context which permitted such incredible demands and toleration of murderous destructiveness on the part of the Russian people at the hands of their paranoid leader. Similarly the mobilization of paranoid fears relative to the Jews served Hitler very well in gaining political support for his own regime. He was even able to use the paranoid rationalization of an international Jewish conspiracy as one of the important props for his rationalizing of German militarism and aggression. 有趣的是，精明的领导人都知道这一点，并加以利用。斯大林之所以能够对俄国经济进行无情的现代化改造，很大程度上是因为产生了对西方列强攻击和侵犯的偏执恐惧。这种恐惧的历史先例 只能证实和强化偏执妄想环境，这种环境它允许俄罗斯人民在其偏执领导人手中提出这种不可思议的 凶残破坏性要求，并容忍 。同样，调动相对于犹太人的偏执恐惧，对希特勒为自己的政权争取政治支持也有很好的作用。他甚至能够利用犹太人国际阴谋的偏执合理化，作为他将德国军国主义和侵略合理化的重要道具之一。 One wonders at the comparative success of Communist-inspired subversive activities on many fronts of the world—whether in Southeast Asia or in South America or other parts of the globe. The answer is in part the success with which the Communist ideology nourishes and exploits the paranoid processes in the service of facilitating political and economic goals. The process is self-nourishing and self-abetting. Paranoid convictions lead to a necessity for destructive and subversive acts which in turn elicit the retaliation of capitalistic or authoritarian regimes, which then verifies and validates the paranoid fears of Communist subversives and serves to consolidate and intensify their basic motivations. This again is the sort of complex interaction, in which paranoid responses on one side of the situation of conflict serve to reinforce and sustain the paranoid distortions on the other side. 人们不禁要问，在世界许多战线上，无论是在东南亚还是在南美洲或全球其他地区，共产主义煽动的颠覆活动都比较成功。答案在某种程度上是共产主义意识形态成功地滋养和利用了偏执过程，以促进政治和经济目标。这个过程是自我滋养和自我膨胀的。偏执信念导致了破坏性和颠覆性行为的必要性，而这种行为又会引起资本主义或专制政权的报复，进而验证和确认共产主义颠覆者的偏执恐惧，并起到巩固和强化其基本动机的作用。这又是一种复杂的相互作用，冲突局势中一方的偏执反应有助于加强和维持另一方的偏执扭曲。 Once we are in a position to grasp the significance of the sustaining of the values and perspectives of the ingroup, we can also begin to appreciate the important dynamics which are brought into the service of such needs, particularly in terms of the need for an enemy in sustaining and reinforcing the integrity and cohesiveness of the group. A striking phenomenon during periods of war mobilization in our own country was the sense of purposefulness and meaningful participation by many segments of the population, which in times of peace find themselves without a meaningful or productive role in society. Whatever one thinks of the morality of war and killing, the mobilization of masses of men in the armed services in the time of war serves an important psychic function. These men now become valued participants in an important national effort. They are allowed to wear a uniform, are trained in the skills of warfare, and are accorded honor and praise as heroes who go forth to do battle in defense of their country. Other individuals on the homefront find productive places in the intense mobilization of the war effort, which bring them a sense of satisfaction and sharing in an enterprise of great meaning and purpose. Consequently, rates of alcoholism and crime in such periods of mobilization decrease. 一旦我们能够把握住维持小团体价值观和观点的重要性，我们也就可以开始理解为这种需要服务而带来的重要动力学，特别是在维持和加强群体的完整性和凝聚力方面需要一个敌人。在我国战争动员时期，一个引人注目的现象是，许多阶层的人都有 目的明确和有意义的参与 的感觉，而在和平时期，他们发现自己在社会中没有意义或生产性的作用。不管人们对战争和杀戮的道德性有什么看法，战争时期动员大批男子参加武装力量，具有重要的心理功能。这些人现在成为重要的国家努力的有价值的参与者。他们被允许穿上制服，接受战争技能的训练，并被赋予荣誉和赞美，作为英雄去做战斗，以保卫他们的国家。其他在本土前线的人则在紧张的战争动员中找到了生产的位置，这给他们带来了满足 以及 分享一项具有重大意义和目的的事业 的感觉。因此，在这种动员时期，酗酒和犯罪率下降。 One can suggest that the participation in such massively paranoid undertakings has an important function in terms of the adjustment capacity for such individuals. The mobilization of the war effort seems to absorb significant amounts of paranoid potentiality, so that instead of resorting to deviant forms of antisocial behavior, they are enabled to share in a communal effort in the defense of shared values and convictions. These individuals are thus accepted into a transient grouping, which provides them with a context of usefulness and meaningful belonging and participation serving to sustain and consolidate their fragile or fragmented sense of identity. It is clear that the parameters of the paranoid process, as we have been developing them here, play a central and significant role in such manifestations. They serve to undercut the elements of self-devaluation and self-rejection which play such a central role in psychosocial deviance (Kaplan, 1972). At the same time, they provide the context of meaningful participation and group belonging which contributes powerfully to the maintenance of self-esteem. 可以说，参加这种大规模偏执活动对这些人的调整能力有重要作用。战争的动员似乎吸收了大量的偏执潜能，因此，他们没有诉诸反社会行为的异常形式，而是能够分享捍卫共同价值观和信念的集体努力。因此，这些人被接纳到一个短暂的群体中，这为他们提供了一个有用和有意义的归属和参与的环境，有助于维持和巩固他们脆弱或零散的身份感。显然，我们在这里所发展的偏执过程的参数，在这种表现中起着核心和重要的作用。它们的作用是削弱在社会心理异常中起着如此核心作用的自我贬低和自我拒绝的元素（Kaplan，1972）。同时，它们提供了有意义的参与和群体归属的环境，这对维护自尊大有裨益。